Azo dye removal via surfactant-assisted polyvinylidene fluoride membrane

Background: Recently, concerns have been raised regarding the environmental and public health safety of azo dyes, most widely used synthetic dyes. The membrane technique has introduced as one efficient methods for dye removal treatments. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) manipulated by surfactants was studied dye, carmoisine. Methods: PVDF prepared via non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) to remove Three nonionic including Tween 20, 60, 80 were individually additives in casting solutions improve properties. Results: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated presence functional groups carbonyl (C=O) hydroxyl (OH), assigned molecules, chemical structure. All species caused a decrease surface hydrophobicity membranes illustrated reduced contact angles. Each at 2% concentration dope solution led an increase pore-size membranes, which estimated scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, this impact reversed concentrations 4%. Membranes assessed efficiency permeate flux cross-flow system. Permeability improved (~78%) with adding 2%. 60 resulted ~45% membranes. And, atomic force (AFM) showed that increased roughness. Conclusion: Surfactant-mediated changes properties efficacy.